In Arthurian legend, a Knight of the Round Table, the son of Sir Lancelot
du Lac and Elaine, daughter of King Pelles. Described in legends as the most
chaste of the Knights, he was the only one who succeeded in the quest for the
Holy Grail. (Early legends, through the 12th century, identified Perceval as
the knight who finds the Grail; by the 13th century, however, he is supplanted
in this role by Galahad.)
(The Number of the Beast, Time Enough for Love)
Galileo Galilei
(15641642) Italian astronomer and mathematician who contributed
fundamental discoveries to the sciences of motion and astronomy, and to the
development of the scientific method. Of particular importance are his
experiments with falling bodies and his observations of celestial bodies.
(Rocket Ship Galileo)
Gallipoli
Seaport in European Turkey, on the Dardanelles near the Sea of Marmara. It
was the first European town conquered by the Ottoman Turks (in 1356). In 1915
during World War I, Gallipoli was the site of a prolonged battle in which the
Allied forces suffered devastating losses.
(Starship Troopers)
Gallup, New Mexico
Seat of McKinley County, in northwestern New Mexico on the Puerco River,
near the Arizona state line. Settled in 1880 as a Westward Overland Stagecoach
stop, it became a construction headquarters for the Atlantic and Pacific
Railroad and was named for David L. Gallup, railroad paymaster.
(Job: A Comedy of Justice)
Gamma Leonis
Orange-yellow double star in the constellation Leo (the Lion), about 90
light-years from Earth. It is called Algeiba ("the forehead"); during the 17th
and 18th centuries it was known, more appropriately for its position in the
constellation, as Juba ("the mane").
(Starman Jones)
George Gamow (no first name)
(19041968; original spelling Georgy Antonovich Gamov) Russian-born U.S.
nuclear physicist and cosmologist, an influential advocate of the Big Bang
theory. He also contributed to hypotheses about the genetic code. His writings
helped to popularize relativity and cosmology, particularly his 1947 book
One, Two, Three ... Infinity.
(Rocket Ship Galileo)
Ganymede
Jupiter's largest moon, also called Jupiter III (numbered in order of
discovery). The largest satellite in the solar system, it is larger than the
planet Mercury. It is named for a character in Greek myth, the son of the king
of Troy who (in one of several variations) was carried off by Zeus to serve as
the cupbearer of the gods.
(Double Star, Farmer in the Sky, I Will Fear No Evil,
The Rolling Stones, Space Cadet)
Gary, Indiana
Industrial city on Lake Michigan near Chicago, Illinois. It was founded by
United States Steel Corporation as an adjunct to its nearby manufacturing
complex, and named for the corporation's official Elbert H. Gary.
(Between Planets, Space Cadet)
Gaslight Club
Nightclub chain that opened its first club in Chicago in 1953. Other clubs
were opened in New York City in 1956; Washington D.C. in 1959; Paris, France,
in 1961; and another club at Chicago's O'Hare Airport in 1973. Only the O'Hare
club is still in operation.
(I Will Fear No Evil)
Gath
One of the five royal cities of the Philistines, and the birthplace of
Goliath. The name occurs several times in the Bible, especially in connection
with the history of David. The chronicles of Sargon II of Assyria report that
Assyria conquered the city in 712 BCE. Its exact location, however, has been
lost since the time of Sennacherib (7th century BCE).
("If This Goes On")
General Atomics
Company founded in 1955 in San Diego, California, to develop commercial
applications for nuclear technology. It was originally a division of General
Dynamics but is now privately owned.
(Friday, "Jerry Was a Man", The Puppet Masters, Stranger
in a Strange Land)
General Electric
Company formed in 1892 by acquiring the Edison General Electric Company
and two other electrical companies; after the merger, Thomas Edison remained
associated with the company. It established a research laboratory in 1900.
Diversifying steadily through the century, it produces a wide range of
electrical products for consumers and industry, home appliances, aircraft
engines, electronic medical equipment, and power systems.
(Have Space Suit Will Travel, Tunnel in the Sky)
General Motors
U.S. corporation founded in 1908 by the consolidation of several motorcar
companies. From 1929 through the end of the 20th century, it was the world's
largest automobile manufacturer.
(Podkayne of Mars, The Rolling Stones)
General Sherman Tree
Sequoia tree in Sequoia National Forest in California. It is the largest
known tree in the world, nearly 275 feet (84 meters) tall and more than 102
feet (31 meters) in circumference. A few other trees are taller, but General
Sherman has the largest total volume. It is named for William Tecumseh
Sherman, Union general in the U.S. Civil War.
(Beyond This Horizon)
Geneva, Switzerland
Capital of Gιnθve canton in southwestern Switzerland, in the Rhone River
valley on Lake Geneva. Modern Geneva is a center of financial activity and the
headquarters for many international organizations.
(Time for the Stars)
George Washington Carver
(1861?1943) U.S. agronomist whose development of new products derived
from peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans helped revolutionize the
agricultural economy of the South. The son of a slave woman, after
emancipation Carver was raised by his mother's former owners. He educated
himself as best he could holding menial jobs, finally completing a high-school
education in his 20s. After earning a bachelor's degree and master's degree in
agricultural science from Simpson College in Iowa, he became head of the
department of agriculture at Tuskegee Institute. Carver's research and
especially its economic benefits made him world-famous. He was elected to
Britain's Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce;
and he counted Henry Ford and Mohandas Gandhi among his friends.
(I Will Fear No Evil)
Geronimo
(18291909) Chief of the Chiricahua Apache, who led his people's defense
of their homeland for nearly 30 years. He surrendered to the U.S. cavalry in
1884, but escaped in 1885 and resumed his campaign until he was again induced
to surrender in 1886.
(The Rolling Stones, Starship Troopers)
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
Town in southern Pennsylvania just north of the Maryland border. It was
the site of a momentous battle in the Civil War (1863). The Gettysburg
Address, given by Abraham Lincoln at the dedication of the Gettysburg National
Cemetery, is one of the most famous speeches in U.S. history.
(Starship Troopers)
Ghana
Nation on Africa's west coast on the Gulf of Guinea, bordered by the Ivory
Coast (west), Burkina Faso (northwest and north), and Togo (east). Its capital
is Accra. A former British colony, it was the first sub-Saharan country to
gain its independence from colonial rule, in 1957. (It should not be confused
with the medieval African trading empire of the same name, which was the
territory that now comprises southeastern Mauritania and part of Mali.)
(I Will Fear No Evil)
Giant Forest
Area within Sequoia National Park in California where the largest sequoia
trees are found.
(Beyond This Horizon)
Gideon
Israelite judge and warrior whose deeds are described in the Biblical Book
of Judges. In one account, Gideon led the tribe of Manasseh in slaying the
Midianites; but, influenced by the cult of his adversaries, he induced Israel
into idolatry. In another, Gideon replaced the idol and altar of Baal with the
worship of Yahweh, who inspired Gideon and his clan to destroy the Midianites
as a sign of Yahweh's supremacy.
(Job: A Comedy of Justice, To Sail Beyond the Sunset)
Gimbel's
Department store founded in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in the 1880s by Isaac
Gimbel (18571931). The Gimbel family opened a store in Philadelphia in 1894,
and in New York City in 1910. Stores were also established in Pittsburgh,
Chicago, Detroit, Beverly Hills, and other cities. After the company was
purchased by Brown & Williamson Tobacco Company in 1973, its fortunes
waned; the last Gimbel's store closed in 1987.
(I Will Fear No Evil, "The Menace from Earth")
Globe Theater
London Theater in which the plays of William Shakespeare were performed
after 1599. It was located in the Bankside district of Southwark. A modern
reproduction has been constructed on the site.
(Time Enough for Love)
Robert Goddard
(18821945) U.S. inventor considered to be the father of modern rocketry.
He launched the first liquid-fuel rocket in 1926. Although he never developed
an operational rocket, he obtained 214 patents related to rocket technology.
(Between Planets, "Blowups Happen", Double Star, I Will
Fear No Evil, "The Menace from Earth", Methuselah's Children, "The
Roads Must Roll")
Lady Godiva
Wife of Leofric, 11th-century earl of Mercia, whom legends say rode
through the market town of Conventry completely nude (though covered to her
knees by her long hair) to coerce her husband into relieving the tax burden on
the town's inhabitants. The chronicler Ranulf Higden (d. 1364) wrote that
Leofric freed the town from all tolls except those on horses. Records from the
reign of Edward I show that in Leofric's time, no tolls were paid in Coventry
except on horses.
(To Sail Beyond the Sunset)
Gog and Magog
In the Biblical Book of Revelation, a power ruled by Satan that will
manifest itself immediately before the end of the world. In the Biblical
passage and in other apocalyptic literature, Gog is joined by a second hostile
force, Magog; but in the books of Genesis and Ezekiel, Magog is apparently the
place of Gog's origin.
(Friday)
The Golden Bough
Book on comparative religion by Sir James George Frazer (18541941),
originally published in 1890 and reissued in many subsequent editions.
Frazer's theme is the evolution of modes of thought from the magical to the
religious and, finally, to the scientific. The Golden Bough also
emphasized the melding of priestly functions and secular rule in the person of
the "divine king". [Library of Congress call number BL310.F63]
(Time Enough for Love)
Golden Rule
Popular term for Jesus' admonition in the Biblical Book of Luke, "Do unto
others as you would have them do unto you." (The Cat Who Walks Through
Walls)
Golden Treasury of English Songs and
Lyrics
Poetry anthology compiled and published in 1861 by English critic and poet
Francis Turner Palgrave (18241897).
(To Sail Beyond the Sunset)
Goodbye, Mr. Chips
Novel by James Hilton, published in 1934, about the teaching career and
emotional development of a Latin professor, Arthur Chipping, at an English
boys' school (he is nicknamed "Mr. Chips" by his students). [Library of
Congress call number PR6015.I53G6]
(Starman Jones)
Goodyear
U.S. manufacturer of tires, rubber, chemical, and plastic products,
founded in 1898 and headquartered in Akron, Ohio. It was named for Charles
Goodyear, U.S. inventor of the process for vulcanizing rubber.
(Have Space Suit Will Travel)
Ulysses S. Grant
(18221885) U.S. general, commander of the Union armies during the Civil
War (186465); and 18th president of the United States (186977). Christened
Hiram Ulysses Grant, he reversed his personal names when he enrolled in the
United States Military Academy. His congressional appointment erroneously
listed his name as Ulysses S. Grant; he eventually accepted the error,
insisting that the initial stood for nothing but probably appreciating the
appropriate abbreviation of "U.S." Grant.
(Tunnel in the Sky)
Great Pyramid
The largest of three pyramids erected on the west bank of the Nile River
near Giza, Egypt. Built during the 4th Dynasty (c. 2575 c. 2465 BC), they
were collectively one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world. The Great
Pyramid, the oldest of the three, is the tomb of the pharaoh Khufu (Greek
Cheops).
(Stranger in a Strange Land)
Great World
Amusement park which operated on Kim Seng Road in Singapore from the 1920s
until 1964. It contained rides, a midway, restaurants, live theater, cinemas,
and a cabaret.
(Glory Road)
gremlin
A supernatural cause of mechanical failures and other "things going
wrong"; it is generally perceived as a gnome that acts out of mischief rather
than malice.
("It's Great to Be Back!", "Space Jockey")
Gretna Green
Town in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, just across the border from England. It
was a popular destination for eloping couples in the 18th and 19th centuries
because Scotland's marriage laws, which required only that the couple publicly
state before witness their intention to be married, were much more lenient
than those of England, and the age of consent was lower.
(The Cat Who Walks Through Walls)
Zane Grey
(18721939) Author of more than 80 popular novels about the American west,
beginning with Betty Zane, based on an ancestor's journal. His writings
helped to establish the conventions of the genre of western novel.
("Coventry")
Greyhound Lines, Inc.
American corporation that operates intercity bus routes. Several bus
companies were merged in 1925 and 1926 to form the Motor Transit Management;
this company officially became Greyhound Corporation in 1930. The business was
devoted solely to transportation until 1961, when it diversified and acquired
other products. In 1987, however, the bus operation became an independent
company again.
(Friday, Stranger in a Strange Land)
griffin
(Also spelled griffon or gryphon) A mythological creature
that has a lion's body (winged or wingless) and a bird's head, usually that of
an eagle. The image probably originated in the Levant in the 2nd millennium
BCE; it spread throughout western Asia and into Greece as an artistic motif.
(Tunnel in the Sky)
Grim Reaper
An epithet for the personification of Death.
(Friday)
Grinnell, Iowa
City in east central Iowa. It was founded by Josiah Bushnel Grinnell, a
Congregational clergyman, Abolitionist, Congressman, and railway promoter from
New York City.
(The Puppet Masters)
Gripsholm
Transatlantic passenger ship commissioned by the Swedish American Line in
1925, and named for Gripsholm Castle on Lake Mδlaren near Stockholm, Sweden.
She was chartered to the U.S. State Department during World War II and used
for exchanging and repatriating prisoners of war. The ship was sold and
renamed in 1954, and decommissioned in 1966.
("The Menace from Earth")
Grove Press
Publishing company founded around 1949 and purchased by Barney Rossett in
1951. He developed it into one of the most influential publishing houses of
its time by publishing such authors as Samuel Beckett, Jean Genet, Eugene
Ionesco, Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, Che Guevara, and Malcolm X. Grove Press
successfully challenged U.S. censorship laws by publishing D.H. Lawrence's
Lady Chatterley's Lover, William Burroughs' The Naked Lunch, and
Henry Miller's Tropic of Cancer. The company was sold in 1985, and the
imprint name went out of use.
(I Will Fear No Evil)
Mrs. Grundy
A character who is frequently mentioned (but who never appears onstage) in
Thomas Morton's 1798 play Speed the Plough. The name has become a
byword for prudish constraints on behavior, or social pressure to behave
according to rigid moral standards.
(I Will Fear No Evil)
Che Guevara
(19281967, full name Ernesto Guevara de la Serna) Communist theoretician
and tactician who played a significant role in the Cuban revolution and was
involved in guerrilla movements in Guatemala, Congo, and Bolivia. He was a
member of Castro's government from 1959 until 1965. His writings include an
influential manual on guerrilla warfare and a history of Cuba's revolutionary
war. [The misspelling of "Guevera" for "Guevara" in The Moon Is a Harsh
Mistress is probably deliberate; the characters make other errors with
names and historical data.]
War of the Guerrillas
English translation of Guerra de guerrillas by Che Guevara. The
Spanish and English editions were originally published in 1961, the English
edition by Review Press. [Library of Congress call number
U240.G8313]
(Farnham's Freehold, The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress)
Guggenheim
U.S. family of industrialists and philanthropists. Swiss immigrant Meyer
Guggenheim (18281905) built an import firm in Philadelphia that was the basis
of the fortune he invested in mining and refining operations. By the early
20th century, the family dominated the mining industry worldwide. Meyer's
children, besides expanding the family's industrial interests, established a
number of charitable foundations for the advancement of science, art, and
scholarly research.
("Let There Be Light")
Joseph-Ignace Guillotin
(17381814) French physician who, as a member of the French National
Assembly after the Revolution of 1789, was instrumental in passing a law
requiring all executions to be carried out "by means of a machine". His
purpose was to provide a relatively painless method of execution. He did not
invent the decapitating machine that became the standard method of execution
in France; it acquired his name (guillotine) because of his support for its
use.
The Heinlein
Society was founded by Virginia Heinlein on behalf of her husband, science
fiction author Robert Anson Heinlein, to "pay forward" the legacy of Robert A. Heinlein to future generations of "Heinlein's Children."