Capital of California and seat of Sacramento County. It is located in the
Central Valley at the confluence of the Sacramento and American rivers. John
Augustus Sutter established the colony of New Helvetia there in 1839. His son
laid out the present city on the site in 1848.
("The Roads Must Roll")
Donatien-Alphonse-François, Marquis de
Sade
(1740–1814) French nobleman whose perverse sexual preferences and erotic
writings inspired the term sadism. His best-known work is the novel
Justine (1791).
(Space Cadet)
Saint Louis
1. (1214–1270) Louis IX, king of France
from 1226 to 1270. He led the Seventh Crusade (1248–50) and died during
another crusade to Tunisia. He was canonized by the Roman Catholic Church in
1297.
Capital of Utah and seat of Salt Lake County. It is situated on the Jordan
River near the southeastern end of Great Salt Lake. The city was founded in
1847 by Brigham Young and his Mormon followers as a refuge from religious
persecution. Until 1868, it was known as Great Salt Lake City.
(Friday)
Samaritan
Member of the community of Jews who were not deported by the Assyrian
conquerors of the kingdom of Israel in 722 BCE, but remained in Samaria, the
central region of ancient Palestine. When the exiled Jews returned to their
homeland after the Babylonian exile, they refused the help of the Jews who
still dwelt there (the Samaritans) in rebuilding the Temple of Jerusalem. The
Samaritans, therefore, built their own temple at Mt. Gezirim north of
Jerusalem. The rift continued, and the descendants of the returned exiles held
the Samaritans in low esteem as heretics or worse. Jesus' parable of the Good
Samaritan (Luke 10:25–37) contrasted this common opinion with the virtuous
behavior of the Samaritan who succors a robbery victim.
(Space Cadet)
San Andreas Fault
Major fracture of the Earth's crust along the Pacific coast of North
America. The fault runs northwestward from the northern end of the Gulf of
California through western California into the Pacific Ocean near San
Francisco. It has been associated with major earthquakes in the region,
including the legendary San Francisco Earthquake of 1906.
(Time Enough for Love)
San Diego
Seaport in southern California, site of an important Naval base. The area
was named San Diego de Alcalá de Henares in 1602 by Sebastián Vizcaíno. It was
the site of the first mission established by Father Junípero Serra. European
settlement was confined inside a military post until Mexico claimed the area
and a town was built. The United States conquered the territory in 1846; the
current city was laid south of the old fort in 1867.
(Farmer in the Sky, "The Roads Must Roll")
San Francisco
City in northern California, at the northern end of the peninsula between
the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay on extremely hilly terrain. It was
founded in 1835 by Captain William Anthony Richardson of England, and
originally named for Yerba Buena Cove. When the United States took possession
of California, the city was renamed San Francisco, after the nearby Spanish
fort and mission.
(The Number of the Beast, Starship Troopers, To Sail
Beyond the Sunset)
San Joaquin Valley
The southern part of the Central Valley, or Great Valley, of California,
which extends parallel to the Pacific Coast for nearly 450 miles (725 km). The
Central Valley is defined by the Klamath Mountains (north), Sierra Nevada
(east), Tehachapi Mountains (south), and Pacific Coast Ranges (west).
(Starship Troopers)
San Jose
Seat of Santa Clara County in west-central California. The first civic
settlement in California, it was founded in 1777 as a Spanish military-supply
base named Pueblo ["town"] de San José de Guadalupe.
(Friday)
José de San Martín
(1778–1850) Argentine soldier and statesman who helped lead the
revolutions against Spanish rule in Argentina, Chile, and Peru. One of Peru's
provinces is named for him, as is the county in which Buenos Aires, Argentina,
is located.
(Starship Troopers)
Sandia National Laboratories
Government facility near Albuquerque, New Mexico, where research related
to nuclear weapons is conducted.
(Between Planets, The Door Into Summer)
César Augusto Sandino (no first name)
(1893–1934) Nicaraguan guerrilla leader who was assassinated after being
invited to negotiate with the head of country's National Guard. The
revolutionary party that controlled the Nicaraguan government from 1979 to
1990 is called the Sandinistas in his honor.
(Starship Troopers)
Santa Fe Trail
Historic wagon trail that ran from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe,
New Mexico. It was an important commercial route from 1821 until 1880 when the
railroads superseded it. From its eastern terminus on the Missouri River, the
trail followed the divide between the tributaries of the Arkansas and Kansas
rivers to the site of Great Bend, Kansas; then followed the Arkansas River. At
the western end, three routes went south to Santa Fe.
(Between Planets)
Alberto Santos-Dumont
(1873–1932) Brazilian aviation pioneer who constructed prize-winning
dirigible airships, and produced monoplanes that were the forerunners of the
modern light plane.
(Job: A Comedy of Justice)
Sargon
The Hebrew rendering of the Assyrian Sharru-kin ("the king is
legitimate"), the name of three rulers in ancient Mesopotamia. The first known
ruler of that name conquered all of southern Mesopotamia as well as parts of
Syria, Anatolia, and Elam (western Iran) in the 23rd century BCE. The second
was a ruler in Assyria during the Akkadian period (c. 19th century BCE). The
third reigned 721–705 BCE at the end of the Assyrian empire.
(Citizen of the Galaxy)
Satan
In Judaism and Christianity, the prince of evil and adversary of God. In
Christianity, Satan became identified with the angel (often called Lucifer)
who led the rebellion against God and was cast into Hell.
(Job: A Comedy of Justice, The Puppet Masters)
Saturday Evening Post
U.S. publication founded in 1728 as the Pennsylvania Gazette. The
name was changed to The Saturday Evening Post in 1821. During the 19th
and into the 20th century, the magazine was one of the most popular in the
nation; it published the original works of prominent authors, and
illustrations from such notable artists as N.C. Wyeth and Norman Rockwell.
Rising costs and competition from other media, however, sent the magazine into
decline and it ceased publication in 1969. It was revived in 1971 as a
quarterly magazine, it is now published bimonthly. [Robert Heinlein's stories
"The Green Hills of Earth", "Space Jockey", "'It's Great to Be Back!'", and
"The Black Pits of Luna" were first published in The Saturday Evening
Post.]
("'It's Great to Be Back!'")
Saturn
Sixth planet from the sun, and the second largest. Its average distance
from the sun is about 856 million miles (1.427 billion km); it orbits the sun
every 29.46 Earth years. Its most notable feature is the vast ring system that
orbits the planet. It also has at least 19 moons of various sizes. Saturn is
named for the Roman god of agriculture.
(Citizen of the Galaxy)
The Scarlet Pimpernel
Novel by Baroness Emmuska Orczy (1908, New York and London, G. P. Putnam's sons, Library of Congress call number PZ3.O65Sc7). It recounts the exploits of "the elusive" Sir Percy Blakeney, smuggling aristocrats out of France during the French Revolution. "The Scarlet Pimpernel" was his nom de guerre.
Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli
(1835–1910) Italian astronomer whose reports of groups of straight lines
on Mars inspired speculation about the possible existence of life on that
planet. Schiaparelli called the markings he observed canali. The word
was incorrectly translated into English as "canals" instead of "channels,"
creating the impression that the features must be constructed, not natural.
(Between Planets)
George Scithers
(1929– ) Founding editor of Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction
Magazine, for which he won the Hugo Editor for Best Editor in 1979 and
1981. He has been active in science-fiction fandom since the 1950s.
(The Number of the Beast)
Scouting
Organizations of boys and girls that aim to develop in them good
citizenship, responsible behavior, and skill in various outdoor activities; in
recent years, the activities have been expanded to include skills for urban
life. The Boy Scout movement was founded in Great Britain in 1908 by cavalry
officer Lieutenant General Robert S.S. (later Lord) Baden-Powell; he created
the Girl Guides in 1910 as a parallel organization to the Boy Scouts. Within a
few years, both Boy Scout and Girl Scout organizations were being established
in other countries.
Scranton
Seat of Lackawanna County in northeastern Pennsylvania, in the Lackawanna
River valley on the western edge of the Pocono Mountains. Founded as the
village of Deep Hollow in 1788, it was called Unionville, Slocum Hollow, and
Harrison before it was named Scrantonia and finally Scranton in 1851, to
commemorate the founder of the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company.
(The Puppet Masters)
Sears, Roebuck & Company
One of the world's largest retailers of general merchandise, sold in
department stores and by mail order. It was founded as a mail-order company in
1893 by Richard W. Sears and Alvah C. Roebuck. The first retail store was
opened in Chicago in 1925.
(Friday)
Seattle, Washington
Seat of King County, situated between Elliott Bay (Puget Sound) and Lake
Washington. It is the largest metropolis in the Pacific Northwest, and a major
seaport. Seattle is the headquarters of Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National
Forest, on the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains.
(The Day After Tomorrow, Friday)
Selene
In Greek myth, the goddess of the moon, daughter of the Titans Hyperion
and Theia and sister of Helios (the sun). She was worshipped at the new and
full moons. Selene was usually represented as a woman with the moon (often in
crescent form) on her head, driving a two-horse chariot. She was sometimes
identified with Artemis.
(I Will Fear No Evil, The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress)
Junípero Serra
(1713–1784) Spanish Franciscan priest who established missions throughout
California. He was beatified (the first step to being declared a saint) in
1988.
(Farmer in the Sky)
William Henry Seward
U.S. Secretary of State from 1861 to 1869. He is best known for
negotiating the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. It was called
"Seward's Folly" at the time, the apparently barren territory being deemed
worthless at the time. The Seward Peninsula in western Alaska and the city of
Seward on the Kenai Peninsula in southern Alaska are named for him.
(Friday)
William Shakespeare
(1564–1616) English poet and playwright, widely considered be the greatest
playwright of all time. His plays, written for a repertory theater in the late
16th and early 17th centuries, are today translated into many languages and
performed throughout the world.
Ariel
In The Tempest, the magical spirit that serves the magician
Prospero.
Lady Macbeth
In the historical play Macbeth, Shakespeare portrays her as
driving her husband on to murder King Duncan in order to usurp the throne.
According to historical records, however, Macbeth killed Duncan in battle,
not through a murder plot. Shakespeare's version is much better known than
the historical facts, so Lady Macbeth has become a byword for conniving
ruthlessness.
Romeo and Juliet
Tragedy in which young lovers from feuding families marry secretly but
then, each thinking the other has died, kill themselves.
Titania
The queen of the fairies in A Midsummer Night's Dream. She is
depicted in the play as quarreling with her consort, Oberon, over a
changeling boy.
(Farnham's Freehold, Podkayne of Mars, The Star
Beast, Stranger in a Strange Land, Time Enough for Love,
Tunnel in the Sky)
shandy
A drink made from beer and lemonade.
(Time for the Stars)
Shanghai
Seaport in east-central China on the East China Sea coast between the
mouth of the Yangtze River (north) and Hangchow and Yü-p'an bays (south).
Shanghai was the first Chinese port to be opened to trade with the West; the
city was dominated by European powers from the mid-19th century until the
Communist revolution in 1949.
("The Green Hills of Earth", The Red Planet)
Shangri-La
Fictitious Tibetan valley in which the events of James Hilton's novel
Lost Horizon take place (1933, W. Morrow & Co., Library of Congress
call number PZ3.H5677Lo). The name has become a byword for a lost paradise or
a secret, idyllic existence.
(Friday)
Sheol
In ancient Jewish beliefs, the dwelling place of the dead: "the land of
gloom and deep darkness" (Job 10:21). It was generally believed that the good
and the wicked alike dwell in Sheol. The apocryphal First Book of Enoch,
however, describes Sheol as being divide into different regions, where the
dead are rewarded or punished according to the lives they led.
("If This Goes On—", Starship Troopers)
Shiva
In Hindu beliefs, one of the major gods. He embodies seemingly
contradictory qualities: destruction and restoration, asceticism and
sensuality, benevolence and vengeance. [Sanskrit, "Auspicious One"; also
transliterated as "Siva"]
(Citizen of the Galaxy, To Sail Beyond the Sunset)
Sinus Medii
Region of the moon that contains the center point from which longitude and
latitude are measured. [Latin, "central hollow", i.e. a bay or gulf, as a body
of water]
(The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress)
Sisu
A Finnish word that embodies the Finns' collective
self-concept. Impossible to translate or define literally, it has
the general connotation of persistence, doing the right thing at any cost,
"guts".
(Citizen of the Galaxy)
skald
A Norwegian and Icelandic poet of the 9th through 13th century. Skaldic
poems were descriptive and subjective, featuring strictly syllabic meters and
much use of metaphor. The subjects were shield poems (descriptions of the
mythological engravings on shields), praise of kings, epitaphs, and
genealogies, dreams, magic curses, lampoons, and love songs (though they were
prohibited by law). Their poems about kings provide valuable information about
historical events.
(Job: A Comedy of Justice)
Skip to My Lou
American folk song, possibly of Scottish origin; in Scots and Southern
dialect, "lou" means "sweetheart". It was traditionally an accompaniment for
dancing.
(Friday)
Skoda
Czechoslovakian automobile manufacture, which produced its first car in
1906.
(I Will Fear No Evil)
Sloppy Joe
Sandwich made from ground beef mixed with a spiced tomato sauce, and
usually minced onions, served on a bun.
(The Cat Who Walks Through Walls)
Alfred Emanuel Smith Jr.
("The Happy Warrior"; 1873–1944). New York politician. He was elected
governor in 1918; after losing his first re-election bid, he won the next
three two-year terms. In 1928 he was the Democrats' presidential nominee; he
lost the election overwhelmingly, in part because of anti-Catholic prejudice.
(To Sail Beyond the Sunset)
E. E. "Doc" Smith
(1890–1965) Author of the "Skylark" and "Lensman" space-opera series. His
first novel, Skylark of Space, was written in 1919 and serialized in
Amazing Stories in 1928.
(The Number of the Beast)
Joseph Smith
(1805–1844) Religious leader whose writings, along with the Bible, provide
the theological foundation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
and other Mormon denominations. Smith claimed that the church that he
organized on April 6, 1830, at Fayette, N.Y., restored the ancient, primitive
Christian religion.
(Citizen of the Galaxy, "If This Goes On—", "The Menace from
Earth")
socialism
Political system in which property and the distribution of income are
subject to social (usually government) control rather than controlled by
individual owners or market forces. In practice, the term has been applied to
a range of political practices, from providing government subsidies for basic
needs such as housing, education, and health care to government ownership of
industries and infrastructure. Official Socialist political parties exist in
many countries, but are often considered on the political fringe.
(I Will Fear No Evil)
Society for Creative Anachronism
(SCA) an International organization dedicated to researching and
re-creating pre-17th-century European history. Members hold events in which
medieval and Renaissance crafts and activities are enjoyed, including
jousting, music and dance, costumes, and feasting.
solipsism
In philosophy, the belief that the human mind has no valid ground for
believing in the existence of anything but itself. In psychology, extreme
egocentrism; the belief that one's own thoughts and experiences are the only
reality, and that the "outside world" is only a projection of one's own mental
processes. Other people, for example, are not separate entities but only exist
as a manifestation of the solipsist's image of reality.
(Stranger in a Strange Land)
"The Son of God Goes Forth to War"
Hymn composed in 1872 by Henry S. Cutler (1824–1902) for lyrics written in
1812 by Reginald Heber (1783–1826).
(Job: A Comedy of Justice)
"Sons of Toil and Danger"
Song from the operetta The Vagabond King, composed in 1925 by
Rudolph Friml with libretto by Brian Hooker, Russell Janney, and W.H. Post.
(Starship Troopers)
Sorbonne
Name frequently used for the University of Paris [France] because its
first endowed college was the Sorbonne, founded as a residence for theological
students in 1253 by Robert de Sorbon (1201–74), chaplain of Louis IX.
(Space Cadet)
South Africa
Southernmost nation in Africa, bordered by Namibia (northwest), Botswana
and Zimbabwe (north), Mozambique and Swaziland (northeast and east), the
Indian Ocean (southeast), and the Atlantic Ocean (southwest). Its capital is
Pretoria. The nation's political history has had a worldwide significance
because of its former policy of strict segregation of the races, which created
severe oppression of the non-European population. The South African government
finally began repealing the apartheid laws in 1990, and a new, nonracial
constitution was ratified in 1997.
(Stranger in a Strange Land)
Southern Cross
The most recognizable constellation in the Southern Hemisphere. The cross
is formed by two first-magnitude and two second-magnitude stars.
(Job: A Comedy of Justice)
Soviet Union
(Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) From 1917 until 1991, Eurasian
empire extending from the Baltic and Black seas to the Pacific Ocean and
ultimately consisting of 15 Republics: Azerbaijan, Belorussia, Estonia,
Georgia, Kazakstan, Kirgiziya, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Russia,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. The capital was Moscow,
also the capital of Russia, which dominated the other constituent states of
the USSR. Resurgence of nationalist movements within the constituent states
and attempts at economic and political reform under Soviet premier Mikhail
Gorbachev led to an abortive coup by Communist hardliners; the failure of the
coup resulted in a rapid collapse of the Soviet empire.
(The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress)
Carl "Tooey" Spaatz
(1891–1974) Leading U.S. air commander in World War II, in both the
European and the Pacific theaters. He was named the first chief of staff of
the independent U.S. Air Force.
(Rocket Ship Galileo)
Sperry
The Sperry Gyroscope Co. was founded in 1910 to manufacture navigational
equipment. In 1955, it merged with computer manufacturer Remington Rand to
form Sperry Rand; and in 1986 Sperry Rand merged with another computer
manufacturer, Burroughs, to form Unisys.
("If This Goes On—")
Spica
Alpha Virginis, the brightest star in the constellation Virgo. It is a
bluish binary star with an apparent magnitude of 0.96, and is about 270
light-years from Earth. The name refers to from the sheaf of wheat the maiden
represented by Virgo is presumed to be carrying. [Latin, "head of grain"]
(Tunnel in the Sky)
spring tide
A tide of greatest range (between high and low tides), which occurs near
the new and full moon, when the alignment of Earth, sun, and moon exerts
maximum gravitational pull on the waters.
(Between Planets)
Springfield, Illinois
State capital and seat of Sangamon County, situated on the Sangamon River
in central Illinois. The city took its name from nearby Spring Creek.
(Starman Jones)
Dr. John P. Stapp
(1910–1999) Physician and U.S. Air Force officer whose research in
aerospace medicine contributed significantly to the exploration of space. In
particular, he helped develop ways to protect the human body from the stresses
of extreme acceleration and deceleration. His research is applied to
automobile design through the annual Stapp Car Crash Conference, instituted in
1955.
(Have Space Suit — Will Travel)
Statue of Liberty
(Liberty Enlightening the World) Colossal copper statue erected in 1886 on
Liberty Island (formerly Bedloe's Island) near Manhattan. Standing 305 feet
(93 meters) tall including the pedestal, the statue is a woman dressed in
flowing robes and wearing a spiked crown, holding a torch in her raised right
hand and a tablet inscribed with the adoption date of the Declaration of
Independence (July 4, 1776) in her left. Designed by Frédéric-Auguste
Bartholdi, it was donated to the United States by the people of France to
commemorate the friendship between the two countries. The Statue of Liberty
has come to symbolize the spirit of American democracy, and in particular the
contribution of immigrants to the national character.
(Tunnel in the Sky)
St. Louis, Missouri
City in east-central Missouri on the west bank of the Mississippi River
below its confluence with the Missouri River. It was founded in 1764 as a
fur-trading post. The territory was claimed by France, Spain, and then France
again until the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. St. Louis was the seat of
government for the Louisiana Territory (1805) and Missouri Territory (1812).
(Friday, "If This Goes On—", To Sail Beyond the Sunset)
Stockton, California
Seat of San Joaquin County in central California on the San Joaquin River.
Founded as Tuleburg in 1847, it grew rapidly as a miners' supply point during
the 1849 gold rush. Much of it was destroyed by fire in 1850; the rebuilt town
was renamed to honor Commodore Robert F. Stockton, who had claimed California
for the United States in 1846.
("The Roads Must Roll")
St. Petersburg, Florida
City in Pinellas County in west-central Florida, near the tip of Pinellas
Peninsula adjacent to Tampa Bay. Founded in 1876 by John C. Williams of
Detroit and Peter A. Demens, it was named for Demens' birthplace in Russia. It
is primarily a resort city, and was one of the first Florida cities to
encourage retirees to move there.
(Stranger in a Strange Land)
Hubertus Strughold (no first name)
(1898–1986) German-born American pioneer in space medicine. He was among
the first faculty members at the Air Force School of Aviation Medicine at
Randolph Air Force Base, Texas. He had been recruited for the U.S. space
program following World War II in spite of having been involved in experiments
on the inmates at Dachau.
(Have Space Suit — Will Travel)
Strymon
In Greek myth, a river god, son of either Oceanos and Tethys or Pontos and
Thalassa. He is the personification of the Strymon River in Thrace (northern
Greece).
(The Red Planet)
Studebaker
U.S. manufacturer of horse-drawn vehicles and automobiles. The company was
founded in 1852 by Clement Studebaker, who joined in the enterprise over the
next two decades by his brothers Henry, John, Peter, and Jacob. It began
building electric cars in 1902, and gasoline-powered cars in 1904. The
Studebaker Corporation merged with the Packard Motor Car Company in 1954. This
company's car production ceased in 1966.
(Friday)
Students for a Democratic Society
(SDS) A radical youth group established in the United States in 1959, an
offshoot of the youth branch of the League for Industrial Democracy. The most
popular of SDS’s rallying cries — "Make Love—Not War!" — became the motto for
the antiwar movement. SDS organized acts of civil disobedience to protest the
Vietnam War, including burning draft cards and disrupting ROTC activities on
college campuses. The end of the Vietnam War eliminated much of the incentive
for SDS activism, and by the mid-1970s the organization essentially ceased to
exist.
(I Will Fear No Evil)
Kingdom of Swaziland
Country in southern Africa, bordered by South Africa (north, west, and
south) and Mozambique (east). The administrative capital is Mbabane, and the
legislative and royal capital is Lobamba. The name Swazi is the Anglicized
name of Mswati II, who ruled from 1840 to 1868.
(Friday)
"Swing Low, Sweet Chariot"
American spiritual, sometimes attributed to Wallace Willis, who had been a
slave on a Choctaw plantation near Doaksville, Oklahoma, in the 1840s.
("If This Goes On—")
Swope Park
Large park within Kansas City, Missouri. It contains nature trails, a zoo,
two golf courses, a nature center, athletic fields, and picnic areas. It is
named for Colonel Thomas Swope, who donated the land to the city in 1896.
(Time Enough for Love)
Syrtis Major
Distinctive dark marking on the surface of Mars, centered near 10 degrees
north latitude and 290 degrees west longitude. It was observed as early as
1659.
The Heinlein
Society was founded by Virginia Heinlein on behalf of her husband, science
fiction author Robert Anson Heinlein, to "pay forward" the legacy of Robert A. Heinlein to future generations of "Heinlein's Children."